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1
Nano-Engineering of Graphene
and Related Materials
Zhiping Xu
Tsinghua University
China
1. Introduction
Graphene is the ultimately monolayer material with single-atom thickness. It possesses
many fascinating properties including massless Dirac electronic structure, anomalous
quantum Hall effects, high mobility, extraordinary high thermal conductivity, stiffness and
strength (see other chapters in this book). Impressively, these properties have remarkable
dependence on its morphology and atomic structure, e.g. its size and shape (Fig. 1, Xu
Buehler, 2010a). Moreover, interior and exterior doping effects from defects, molecular
adsorptions or electromagnetic fields are also significant. For example, hydrogenation,
oxidation and electrical field significantly tune its structural, mechanical, thermal, electronic
and optical structures, which is controllable and even reversible. These sensitive responses
of a graphene sheet to structural and environmental cues enable us opportunities to
engineer its physical and chemical properties at nanoscale.
Fig. 1. A phases diagram for graphene sheets as a function of their geometric parameters: (a)
a graphene sheet with length L and width W; (b) a two-dimensional membrane with ripples
from thermal fluctuation as L ~ W; (c) a fluctuating one-dimensional ribbon while it has
apparent aspect ratio n = L/W; (d) a nanoscroll after a ribbon
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