《Wars of the Rosesamp;》.ppt

BY—陈青青 叶文君 陆方方 the enclosure movement  General introduction In English social and economic history, enclosure or inclosure is the process which ends traditional rights such as mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock on common land formerly held in the open field system. Once enclosed, these uses of the land become restricted to the owner, and it ceases to be common land. In England and Wales the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. The process of enclosure began to be a widespread feature of the English agricultural landscape during the 16th century. By the 19th century, unenclosed commons had become largely restricted to rough pasture in mountainous areas and to relatively small parts of the lowlands. The history 1.Throughout the medieval and modern periods, piecemeal enclosure took place in which adjacent strips were fenced off from the common field. This was sometimes undertaken by small landowners, but more often by large landowners and lords of the manor. Significant enclosures took place to establish deer parks. Some of these enclosures took place with local agreement. 2.Tudor enclosures (1485-1603) These enclosures largely resulted in conversion of land use from arable to pasture – usually sheep farming. Enclosures during the Tudor period were often accompanied by a loss of common rights and could result in the destruction of whole villages. 3.Anti-enclosure legislation the anti-enclosure acts of 1489 and 1516 were aimed at stopping the waste of structures and farmland, which would lead to lower tax revenues, fewer potential military conscripts for the crown, and more potential underclass rebels. Contemporary movements against enclosure Abahlali baseMjondolo in South Africa The Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee in India The Zapatista Army of National Liberation in Mexico Fanmi Lavalas in Haiti The Homeless Workers Movement in Brazil The Landl