应用计算机视觉术检测物体的形变.pdf

摘 要 电荷耦合器件（CCD）是一种性能独特的光电转换半导体器件，近年来在摄像、 工业检测等科技领域里得到了广泛的应用。将 CCD 技术应用于位移等几何量测量 可以实现高精度、在线动态检测和非接触测量等要求 。 采用光学三角法结合计算机视觉系统测量位移的方法具有远距离、高速度、高 精度、不受被测材料性质的限制等特点。另外，采集后的实验图像可通过计算机软 件进行分析处理，灵活性强。该技术可应用于位移、厚度及距离等几何量的测量。 本文主要讨论了基于激光与 CCD 图像系统检测物体的小角度偏转角及位移的 技术。应用光学三角法测量技术，对激光斑点的位移进行分析测量，通过建立激光 位移与实际位移的理论关系，获得了物体的实际位移和转角。为提高测量精度，应 用数字相关法对激光光斑图像进行分析，得到较高精度的激光位移，为后续的实际 位移和转角测量奠定了基础。文中对系统的误差进行了较为全面的分析，提出了保 证测量精度的具体措施。最后通过对等强度悬臂梁的挠度和转角测量，并与理论结 果进行比较，证实本实验测试系统和分析方法具有较高的精度。本文所阐述的实验 与分析方法，不仅可测量小试件的变形，对大型工程结构如桥梁等的变形检测也具 有借鉴意义。 关键词：计算机视觉 三角法 相关计算 转角与位移测量 Abstract (Charge Coupled Devices） is a semiconductor photoelectric device with particular performance, which is applied widely in some fields such as camera and industry measurement and so on recently. The measurement system with CCD has an advantage on the geometrical such as displacement for achieving high accuracy, on- line dynamic detection, and non-contact measurement. There are several well-known advantages of optical triangle method with computer vision system in displacement measurement, for example, fast measurement speed, high measurement accuracy and far distance measurement. Furthermore, experimental image which has been collected can be analyzed, and this method is very skillful. For these reasons, triangle method is widely used in displacement measurement, thickness measurement, distance measurement and other fields. Base on laser and CCD image system, the inspected technique of puny deflectable angle measurement to object and displacement is discussed in this paper mostly. Using the optical triangle measurement method, the displacement of laser speckle is analyzed. Through be constructed the theoretical relationship between the laser