WhatAreBatteries,FuelCells,andSupercapacitors(燃料电池,CR,2004).pdf

Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4245−4269 4245 What Are Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors? Contents 1. Introduction 4245 1.1. Batteries versus Fuel Cells versus 4245 Electrochemical Capacitors 1.2. Definitions 4247 1.3. Thermodynamics 4248 1.4. Kinetics 4249 1.5. Experimental Techniques 4250 1.6. Current Distribution and Porous Electrodes 4251 2. Batteries 4252 2.1. Introduction and Market Aspects 4252 2.2. Battery Operations 4253 2.3. Characteristics of Common Battery Systems 4254 2.4. Primary Batteries 4254 Dr. Martin Winter is currently University Professor for Applied Inorganic 2.5. Rechargeable Batteries 4257 Chemistry and Electrochemistry at the Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Inorganic Materials, Graz University of Technology (Austria). 2.6. Selection Criteria for Commercial Battery 4258 His fields of specialization are applied electrochemistry, chemical technol- Systems ogy and solid state electrochemistry with special emphasis on the 3. Fuel Cells 4259 development and characterization of novel materials for rechargeable 3.1.