Diabetes+mellitus+related+bone+metabolism+and+periodontal+disease.pdf

International Journal of Oral Science (2015) 7, 63–72 OPEN 2015 WCSS. All rights reserved 1674-2818/15 /ijos REVIEW Diabetes mellitus related bone metabolism and periodontal disease Ying-Ying Wu 1,2, E Xiao2,3 and Dana T Graves2 Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease are chronic diseases affecting a large number of populations worldwide. Changed bone metabolism is one of the important long-term complications associated with diabetes mellitus. Alveolar bone loss is one of the main outcomes of periodontitis, and diabetes is among the primary risk factors for periodontal disease. In this review, we summarise the adverse effects of diabetes on the periodontium in periodontitis subjects, focusing on alveolar bone loss. Bone remodelling begins with osteoclasts resorbing bone, followed by new bone formation by osteoblasts in the resorption lacunae. Therefore, we discuss the potential mechanism of diabetes-enhanced bone loss in relation to osteoblasts and osteoclasts. International Journal of Oral Science (2015) 7, 63–72; doi:10.1038/ijos.2015.2; published 10 April 2015 Keywords: bone loss; diabetes mellitus; hyperglycemia; inflammation; osseous; osteoblast; osteoclast; periodontitis DIABETES: INTRODUCTION the innate immune system, which collaborates to destroy insulin- Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders and is char- producing beta cells.11 In an animal model, CD11c1 dendritic cells acterized by high blood glucose levels.1 Type 1 diabetes mellitus and ER-MP231 macrophages are the first cells to infiltrate the pan- (T1DM) results from an absolute deficiency of insulin, which is most