Progestins as endocrine disrupters in aquatic ecosystems Concentrations, effects and risk assessment》.pdfVIP

Environment International 84 (2015) 115–130 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environment International j ournal homepage : www.el sevier.c om/l oc ate/ envi nt Review article Progestins as endocrine disrupters in aquatic ecosystems: Concentrations, effects and risk assessment Karl Fent ⁎ University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollution Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: In aquatic ecosystems, progesterone (P4) and synthetic progestins (gestagens) originate from excretion by Received 23 March 2015 humans and livestock. Synthetic progestins are used for contraception and as P4 for medical treatments as Received in revised form 9 June 2015 well. Despite significant use, their ecotoxicological implications are poorly understood. Only about 50% of the Accepted 25 June 2015 progestins in use have been analyzed for their environmental occurrence and effects in aquatic organisms. Available online 11 August 2015 Here we critically summarize concentrations and effects of progestins in aquatic systems. P4 and progestins Keywords: