Refractory metals revolutionizing the lighting technology A historical review》.pdf

Int. Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 50 (2015) 23–30 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Int. Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials journal homepage: www. elsevi er. com/ locate/ IJRMHM Review Refractory metals revolutionizing the lighting technology: ☆ A historical review P. Schade a, H.M. Ortner b,⁎, I. Smid c a HTM Consulting Berlin, Germany b Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany c Pennsylvania State University, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: From a historical point of view, the development of the PM processing steps and tools “for making tungsten duc- Received 13 August 2014 tile” by William D. Coolidge in 1909 marks the breakthrough for the use of tungsten filaments in the lighting in- Received in revised form 11 November 2014 dustry and the beginning of the industrial era of Powder Metallurgy. However, other refractory metals, osmium Accepted 16 November 2014 and tantalum, had been considered useful lamp filaments prior to tungsten. Other technological concepts as, e.g. Available online 18 November 2014 the gas mantle lamp of Auer von Welsbach, are still in limited use today. The significance of the Coolidge process is shortly outlined for the production of ductile tungsten. In addition Keywords: Refractory metals some further important accompanying discoveries and inventions will be mentioned: c