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COMPARING THE CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE REFORMS ：AN INTRODUCTION (下).doc

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COMPARING THE CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE REFORMS ：AN INTRODUCTION (下).doc

COMPARING THE CHINESE AND VIETNAMESE REFORMS ：AN INTRODUCTION (下) 　On the other side of the ledger ，both China and Vietnam possessed less fully-developedlabour markets in urban areas than was common in Eastern Europe.Whereas employeesin the European socialist nations were accustomed to switching jobs in quest ofbetter opportunities（in the USSR during the 1970s and early 1980s，every yearone industrial worker in five transferred employers ），[2]both Asian countriesalike have tended to retain urban workers at a single enterprise up through retirement.With exit from a job difficult，the Asian socialist workers became quite dependentupon the good graces of their workplace superiors.Again unlike Eastern Europe，this has provided the two governments with significant indirect control over muchof the urban populace during the period of transition.Yet at the same time ，thislegacy of a permanent employer-employee bond built inflexibilities into the state-ownedindustrial sector and into the urban labour market as a whole.Within the past fewyears ，the two Asian countries have belatedly begun jettisoning this system ofjob security.The resulting layoffs and cutbacks，however，are painfully wrenchingto blue-collar families ，and social and political discontent at what they seeas an unfair betrayal of their interests could spell trouble for the two governmentsin the years ahead. 　　A final respect in which China and Vietnam have differed from some of the Centraland East European states is that the two Asian nations do not have any historicallegacy of political democracy.In this they stand in contrast to a country suchas the Czech Republic ，but closer to Russia with its Czarist past.Building uponindigenous traditions of autocracy，the first decades of the Chinese and Vietnamesepartiesdictatorial rule were premised on the need for a strong state to motormodernization through revolution.The parties have been able to cast off much ofthe ideological side of this premise during t