毕业论文：基于麦克风阵列的声源定位方法.doc

摘 要 本文目的是以寻求一种新的故障检测方法用来有效的检测列车走行部运行状态及状态发生异常时故障源所处的位置。在对国内外研究现状进行了深入分析的基础上，欲将基于麦克风阵列的声源定位方法引入到故障检测这一领域。本文主要对这种方法的各个环节进行了深入研究，以供为今后进一步的研究作基础。 首先深入研究了现有的三种基于麦克风阵列的声源定位方法，即基于最大输出功率的可控波束形成、基于高分辨率谱估计和基于声波到达时间差定位方法。在分析了它们的缺点基础上，本文采用基于声波到达时间差定位方法。该方法定位精度相对较高，计算量也远远小于前两种方法且可以在实际中实时实现。 其次详细讨论了几种常用的时延估计方法；给出了麦克风阵列接收信号的远场模型、近场模型和麦克风阵列的拓扑结构；分析了三种基于时间延迟定位方法的优缺点，并对其中一种定位误差较大的方法提出将接收信号声压比作为修正系数的改进方法。仿真结果表明，改进后的方法较改进前更接近理论上的角度。 以EasyRAM2119实验板为平台，完成了一种可实时实现的声源定位实验系统。该系统采用声波到达时间差定位方法，时延估计部分采用互功率谱相位法，声源方向角定位部分采用改进后的角度距离定位法，这样不仅能够较好的抑制混响和噪声的影响，而且运算量比较低。 最后探讨了声源定位在机械故障检测中的应用，提出一种可以检测脉冲故障源位置的声源定位方法。 关键词 麦克风阵列；声源定位；时延估计；EasyRAM2119；故障检测 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to seek a new fault detection method for detecting effectively the state of the running gear of trains, and the source of fault location when it is in an abnormal state. Sound source localization based on microphone array will be induced into the field of fault detect based on the analysis of the research status quo at home and abroad.This paper mainly has a detailed study on the various aspects of sound source localization based on microphone array, and provides the basis for the future further research. The paper firstly makes a primary study of three kinds of existing sound source localization methods based on microphone array, which is maximum output power controllable beam forming location method, high-resolution spectral estimation location method and sound wave arrival time difference (TDOA) location method. Based on the analysis of their disadvantage, the method of sound wave arrival time difference is adopted in this paper. This method has a higher positioning accuracy, the amount of computation is far less than the first two methods and it can be implemented real-time in practice. Secondly, I discuss detailed several time delay methods in common use. The far-field and near-field models of microphone array signals reception and the microphone array topology is given in the paper.Then I also induce three ki