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Machinability:Machinability of Ferrous Metals Effects of Various Elements in Steels Presence of aluminum and silicon is harmful, as it combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive Thus tool wear increases and machinability reduce Stainless Steels Austenitic (300 series) steels are difficult to machine Ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive Machinability:Machinability of Nonferrous Metals Aluminum is very easy to machine Beryllium requires machining in a controlled environment Cobalt-based alloys require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds Copper can be difficult to machine because of builtup edge formation Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life Titanium and its alloys have very poor thermal conductivity Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive Machinability:Machinability of Miscellaneous Materials Machining thermoplastics requires sharp tools with positive rake angles, large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed and high speeds Polymer-matrix composites are difficult to machine Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the matrix material and the reinforcing fibers The type of chips and the surfaces produced also vary significantly, depending on the type of wood and its condition Machinability:Thermally Assisted Machining In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), a source of heat is focused onto an area just ahead of the cutting tool Advantages of hot machining are: Reduced cutting forces Increased tool life Higher material-removal rates Reduced tendency for vibration and chatter * Mechanics of Cutting : Oblique Cutting Majority of machining operations involve tool shapes that are three dimensional where the cutting is said to be oblique There is a difference between oblique and orthogonal cutti