OverheadNotes-HydraulicsandGeotechnical.doc.docVIP

5. BRIDGE HYDRAULICS AND GEOTECHNICAL Objectives have an understanding of basic hydrology, hydraulics and soil mechanics and how these impact the design and service life of bridges Introduction Hydrology is the science of dealing with the occurrence, circulation and distribution of water on the earth and atmosphere. Determines stream properties and the amount of water expected at bridge site. Hydraulics is the science dealing with the laws governing liquids in motion. Soil mechanics is the scientific approach to understanding the behaviour and action of soil associated with engineering. Overhead #2 - Hydrologic Cycle process consists primarily of four parts Evaporation and Transpiration and vapour from oceans, plants, etc. to produce clouds 2. Precipitation: rain, snow or hail 3. Surface stream flow: precipitation causes surface runoff which forms lakes and streams 4. Ground water: water that penetrates and flows underground Overhead #3 - Stream Gauging Records Federal Government, water survey of Canada gauges on selected streams for many years info includes daily discharges, maximums, minimum and averages North Saskatchewan River averages are 600 - 700 cm/s whereas maximum about 5000 cm/s Overhead #4 - Flood Frequency Analysis statistical analysis to estimate flood discharge statistical analysis value depends on number of years of data few records not reliable, may not include major event assigns probabilities to certain flow rates determines design flood, fish passage flood when streams aren’t gauged can use data from similar ones Overhead #5 - Flood Design Frequency Primary Highway - 100 years Secondary Highway - 50 years Local Road - 25 years Risk or probability: 25 year 87% 50 year 64% 100 year 39% High water marks should be obtained after or during every flood to verify designs and for future reference Overhead #6 - Typical Streambed Profile flow from mountains and foothills to prairies slope changes as does the veloci