VectorAnalysisApplicationstoFluidMechanics.pptVIP

ELEN 3371 Electromagnetics Fall 2007 * Scalar-Vector Interaction for better Life …… P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi Vector Analysis : Applications to Fluid Mechanics Vector Calculus Natural to Fluid Mechanics Human Capability to Imagine Geometry Coordinate systems: Cylindrical (polar) An intersection of a cylinder and 2 planes Diff. length: Diff. area: Diff. volume: An arbitrary vector: Coordinate systems: Spherical An intersection of a sphere of radius r A plane that makes an angle ? to the x axis, A cone that makes an angle ? to the z axis. Properties of Coordinate systems: Spherical Properties: Diff. length: Diff. area: Diff. volume: An arbitrary vector: System conversions 1. Cartesian to Cylindrical: 2. Cartesian to Spherical: 3. Cylindrical to Cartesian: 4. Spherical to Cartesian: Differential relations for vectors Gradient of a scalar field is a vector field which points in the direction of the greatest rate of increase of the scalar field, and whose magnitude is the greatest rate of change. Gradient of a scalar function: Two equipotential surfaces with potentials V and V+?V. Select 3 points such that distances between them P1P2 ? P1P3, i.e. ?n ? ?l. Assume that separation between surfaces is small: Projection of the gradient in the ul direction: System conversions for Differential relations Gradient in different coordinate systems: Properties of Gradient Operations Collect more of such relations, relevant to Fluid Mechanics. Divergence of a vector field Divergence of a vector field: Divergence is an operator that measures the magnitude of a vector fields source or sink at a given point. In different coordinate systems: Divergence Rules Some “divergence rules”: Divergence (Gauss’s) theorem: What is divergence? Think of a vector field as a velocity field for a moving fluid. The divergence measures the expansion or contraction of the fluid. A vector field with constant positive or negative value of divergence. Meani