(旅游英语)环球之-西班牙.docVIP

（旅游英语）环球之旅—西班牙 Origins and History of Bullfighting???????????? 西班牙斗牛历史由来以久。在阿尔达米拉岩洞中发现的新石器时代的岩壁画中，就有人与牛搏斗的描绘。据说，曾统治西班牙的古罗马的凯撒大帝就曾骑马斗牛。在这之后的约六百年时间里，斗牛一直是西班牙贵族显示勇猛骠悍的专利项目。???????????? 十八世纪，波旁王朝统治西班牙，第一位国王费利佩五世认为斗牛过于危险，会伤害王室成员的性命，禁止贵族玩斗牛，至此这一传统的贵族体育才从宫庭来到了民间。????????????西班牙斗牛选用的是生性暴烈的北非公牛。由特殊的驯养场负责牛种的纯正。一般驯养四、五年后即可使用。斗牛表演通常在下午进行，每场由三个斗牛士分别斗六头牛。斗牛表演是西班牙为数不多的准时开始的活动。如晚到，须等一头牛斗完后方可入场。 ?????????Bullfighting is certainly one of the best known, although at the same time the most controversial Spanish popular customs.This Fiesta could not exist without the Toro Bravo(happiness, joy,欢呼，喝彩), a species of bull from an archaic(古代的，古老的) bloodline(血统;家族) that is conserved(保留，沿袭) only in Spain.???????????? Many civilizations revered(尊敬，崇拜) these bulls. The bull-cultus(拜牛祭祀) on the Greek island Creta is quite well-known. The Bible tells of bulls being sacrificed(献祭，供奉) in honour of the divine(神的；天赐的) justice(公平；公正). Bulls played an important part in the religious ceremonies(宗教仪式) of Iberian(居住在外高加索的古伊比利亚人) tribes living in Spain during prehistoric(史前的，原始的) times.?????????????The origins of the Plaza (bullring,斗牛场) are probably not the Roman amphitheaters(古罗马的圆形剧场, 竞技场) but the Celtic-Iberian(凯尔特-伊比利亚人的) temples where ceremonies were held. In the province of Soria(索里亚,西班牙地名), near Numancia(奴曼西亚,西班牙地名), one such temple is preserved and it is supposed that bulls were sacrificed to the Gods here.?????????????While the cult worship (顶礼膜拜)of the bull goes back to the Iberians, it was the Greek and Roman influences that converted(皈依,劝说相信某一特定宗教、信仰或信念) it into a spectacle(公开表演或展示).???????????? During the middle ages(中世纪；中古时代) it was a diversion(娱乐，消遣) for the aristocracy(贵族) to rear ( rise on the hind legs,直立在马上) on horseback. This was called suerte de ca?as(西班牙贵族站立在马背上骑马的活动). In the 18th century this tradition was more or less abandoned (被放弃的，被抛弃的) and the poorer population invented the bullfight on foot.????????????? Francisco Romero was a key-figure in laying the rules(lay the ru