石油英语.pptVIP

Instructor: Guo Qing Chapter Eight Petrochemical Industry Crude oil is a raw material, like iron ore, which must be processed before it can be used. In fact, there are several different processes through which oil is processed, but together they are called refining（炼制）. The refining process separates the different fractions of molecules（分子组分） in the crude oil mixture into usable products. It also removes the impurities（杂质） from the oil. Methods used in refining processes. Physical separation processes The main technique is: Distillation-separation（蒸馏） according to molecular size, making use of the different in boiling point. Other techniques are: Absorption（吸收） Solvent extraction（溶剂提取） Crystallization（结晶） Adsorption（吸附） Methods used in refining processes. There are three main categories of Chemical Conversion Processes Reduction of molecular size (cracking)(裂化）--- in which fuel oil components are converted into lighter, distillate products（馏出产品） such as gas oil（粗柴油） and gasoline. Change of molecular structure without size change--- e.g. catalytic reforming（催化重整） and isomerisation（异构化）. Increase in molecular size--- e.g. polymerisation（叠合） and alkylation （烷基化） Distillation: The first step of refining is called distillation. The theory of distillation is very easy. Most liquids boil（沸腾） when they reach a certain temperature. When crude oil boils, it sends out （释放出）vapor （蒸汽）and condenses（冷凝）. All the different hydrocarbons（烃） in crude oil are boiling at different temperatures, and their vapors all make separate（不同的） liquids. So, in order to separate（分离） the hydrocarbons, the scientists distill（蒸馏） the crude. When the different hydrocarbons boil at different temperatures, their vapors condense into its fractions（馏分） and forms different liquids. The oil is distilled（蒸馏） in a very large steel tower（钢塔）, the technical name（技术名称） of which is the “fractionating tower”（分馏塔）. The tower is thirty to fifty meters tall and its diameter（直径） is one to three meters. It is d