Chapter9Folds,Faults,andMountains.docVIP

Chapter 9 Folds, Faults,and Mountains Three types of stresses Types of Deformation ELASTIC DEFORMATION BRITTLE FAILURE PLASTIC DEFORMATION Elastic deformation deformation not permanent (minor amount of stress) Brittle stress amount exceeds the yield point or elastic limit Plastic (Ductile) deformation stress applied gradually to deep warm rocks Elastic Deformation Plastic Deformation Brittle Failure Folding at Converging Plate Boundaries Factors affecting rock deformation Intensity of Applied Stree Lithostatic Pressure Heat leads to stretching of rocks at near Earth’s surface without breaking at depth- plastic deformation Time Composition different minerals have different strength Deformed rocks in the field Most apparent in Sedimentary Rocks Importance of deformation Indicate Past Plate Motions Indicates other Past Geological Events Locates Specific Natural Resources Rock Orientation: Strike and Dip Interpretation of Rock Deformation-Folds In describing folds, need to know the orientation of the rock in space- STRIKE and the angle at which rock is inclined to the horizontal- DIP Folds- rocks deform plastically (most occur at convergent plates) Syncline- trough-like Anticline- arch-like Types of folds- symmetrical, broad, open, overturn, recumbent Basin Rock deformation that is bowl shaped. Domes Rock deformation that is ova-shaped bulges Geometry of anticlines and synclines Artificial valleys and synclinal ridges Artificial valleys and synclinal ridges-contd. Various folds – Symmetrical (open) Various Folds - Assymetrical Various Folds - Overturned Various Folds - Recumbent Various Folds - Plunging Structural Domes and Basins Faults A fracture is a break in a rock (joint or a fault) Joints: Fractures with no relative movement Fault is when there is relative movement along the break Fault Types Strike-Slip fault horizontal movement (transform plate boundary) Dip-Slip fault Normal (tensional stress) Reserve (compressional stress) Thrust (low angle reserve fault) Obl