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Review Questions In terms of human participation, what are the three basic categories of work systems? Answer: The three categories given in the text are (1) manual work, (2) worker-machine systems, and (3) automated systems. What is the general characteristic that is common to nearly all pure manual work? Answer: Moving things. What is the one best method principle? Answer: According to the one best method principle, of all the possible alternative methods that can be used to perform a task, there is one optimal method that minimizes the time and effort required to accomplish it. It is also a safe method that produces a high quality work unit. What is meant by the term normal performance? Answer: Normal performance refers to a pace of working that can be maintained throughout an entire work shift (in which periodic rest breaks are allowed) by a properly trained average worker without deleterious short term or long effects on the worker’s health or physical well-being. What is meant by the term normal time for a task? Answer: The normal time for a task is the time required to accomplish one cycle of the task when working at 100% performance (normal performance). What does PFD stand for? What is the purpose of the PFD allowance in determining the standard time for a task? Answer: PFD stands for personal time, fatigue, and delays. The purpose of the PFD allowance is to provide a small amount of additional time above the normal time to account for losses due to personal time, fatigue (rest breaks), and delays that occur periodically during the work shift. What is an irregular work element? Answer: An irregular work element is an element that is performed less frequently than once per cycle. Examples include changing tools and changing tote pans of parts. Irregular elements do not occur every cycle, so their times are prorated in the regular cycle time. Define the meaning of worker efficiency. Answer: Worker efficiency is the amount of work actually accomplished duri