SingleParticleandCollectiveModesinNuclei.pptVIP

Shell Model and Collective Models in NucleiExperimental and theoretical perspectives R. F. Casten WNSL, Yale Univ. RIKEN, January, 2010 Lecture 1Introduction to Nuclear Structure and the Independent Particle Model (IPM) Survey: Empirical evolution of structure Magic numbers, shell gaps, and shell structure 2-particle spectra Emergence of collective features –Vibrations, deformation, and rotation The empirical magic numbers near stability 2, 8, 20, 28, (40), 50, (64), 82, 126 These are the famous magic numbers that have been benchmarks of structure for 60 years. Recently, with studies of exotic nuclei we are now beginning to realize that they are not as robust as we have thought. Studies in this area are one of the major thrusts of nuclear structure research today. Lots of valence nucleons of both types:emergence of deformation and therefore rotation (nuclei live in the lab frame) Think about the striking regularities in these data.Take a nucleus with A ~100-200. The summed volume of all the nucleons is ~ 60 % the volume of the nucleus, and they orbit the nucleus ~ 1021 times per second!Instead of utter chaos, the result is very regular behavior, reflecting ordered, coherent, motions of these nucleons. This should astonish you.How can this happen??!!!!Much of understanding nuclei is understanding the relation between nucleonic motions and collective behavior But we won’t go that way – too complicated for any but the lightest nuclei.We will make some simple models – microscopic and macroscopicLet’s start with the former, the Independent particle model and its daughter, the shell model Independent particle model: magic numbers, shell structure, valence nucleons. Three key ingredients Nuclei are 3-dimensional What is new in 3 dimensions? Angular momentum Centrifugal effects Pauli Principle Two fermions, like protons or neutrons, can NOT be in the same place at the same time: can NOT occupy the same orbit. Orbit with total Ang Mom