figure2.1-Elsevier.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Using Fermat’s Principle as the basis of the Snell-Descartes law, a = x + (a–x). FIGURE 2.31 A ray propagating through a specimen composed of layers with various refractive indices and thicknesses has an optical path length. The optical path length differs from the length itself. The optical path length is obtained by finding the product of the refractive index and thickness of each layer and then summing the products for all the layers. FIGURE 2.32 On a hot day, when we look down at the road ahead of us, we see the image of a tree or clouds on the road because light obeys Fermat’s Principle and travels to our eyes in an arc. However, we think that light travels through a medium with a continuously varying refractive index in straight lines. FIGURE 2.33 Spherical aberration occurs because the rays from any given object point that hit a lens with spherical surfaces far from the principal axis are refracted too strongly. This results in a circle of confusion. Spherical aberration can be reduced by grinding the lens so that it has aspherical surfaces. FIGURE 2.34 Chromatic aberration occurs because the refractive index of glass is color-dependent. This results in the violet-blue rays being more strongly refracted by glass than the orange-red rays. FIGURE 2.35 Chromatic aberration can be reduced by combining a diverging lens made of flint glass with a converging lens made of crown glass. Because the flint glass has a greater dispersion than the crown glass, the chromatic aberration produced by the crown glass is reduced more than the magnification produced by the crown glass is reduced. FIGURE 2.36 The image plane of a converging lens is not flat. Additional lens elements must be added to the converging lens to decrease the focal length of the image close to the axis. FIGURE 2.37 Companion site for Light and Video Microscopy. by Wayne *Copyright ? 2009 by Academic Press. All rights reserved. Companion site for Light and Video MicroscopyAuthor: