Topic3SwitchingAlgebraandLogicRepresentations.PDFVIP

Switching Algebra and Logic Representations Boolean algebra • English mathematician George Boole invented a two-value algebraic system Boolean Algebra. – A proposition can have one of the two values: TURE or FALSE. • Claude E. Shannon uses it to describe the behavior of circuits Switching Algebra. – A variable can take one of the two values: 1 or 0. • Positive-logic convention – Analog voltages LOW, HIGH  0, 1 • Negative logic • Signal values denoted by variables (X, Y, FRED, etc.) Axioms A1. X = 0 if X != 1 A1′. X = 1 if X != 0 A2. If X = 0, then X ′ = 1 A2′. If X = 1, then X ′ = 0 A3. 0 • 0 = 0 A3′. 1 + 1 = 1 A4. 1 • 1 = 1 A4′. 0 + 0 = 0 A5. 0 • 1 = 1 • 0 = 0 A5′. 1 + 0 = 0 + 1 = 1 Principle of Duality Any theorem or identity in switching algebra remains true if 0 and 1 are swapped and • and + are swapped throughout. Boolean operators • Complement: X′ (opposite of X) • AND: X ⋅ Y, or X •Y, or simply XY • OR: X + Y Function described with truth table Logic symbols of NOT, AND, and OR Definitions • Literal: a variable or its complement – X, X′, FRED′, CS_L • Expression: literals combined by AND, OR, parentheses, complementation X+Y P ⋅ Q ⋅ R A + B ⋅ C ((FRED ⋅ Z′) + CS_L ⋅ A ⋅ B′ ⋅ C + Q5) ⋅ RESET′ • Equation: Variable = expression P = ((FRED ⋅ Z′) + CS_L ⋅ A ⋅ B′ ⋅ C + Q5) ⋅ RESET′ • Assignment: Assign a specific value to each variable More definitions • Product term : A single literal or a product of two or more literals – A, A • B, A • B • C • Sum-of-products : A logic sum of product terms – A • B • C + C • D + E • Sum term : A single literal or a logical sum of two or more l