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An introduction for written translation (40 min.) MACHINING. The machining of metals is known to have been practiced by man for over three thousand years. Metal cutting is a complex process involving friction, fracture of materials, plastic deformation, and many other phenomena. Machining operations are, no doubt, the most important processes in engineering manufacture. This is based on the fact that some kind of machining is involved in the production of almost any article. Even if machining is not involved directly, it is virtually always a necessary process in making the equipment used in the production operation?. Since World War II- there has been a gradual change in the approach to machining. Analytical methods have been increasingly used to study the cutting process, application of these methods resulting in considerable improvements. Great developments have been made in stock removal processes in recent years. Tool materials have been improved. The speeds of machine tools have increased considerably. Machine-tool control is known to have been improved to a great extent. In addition to conventional machining a number of new machining processes has been introduced. Exercise I. a) Look through the text and find the sentences (2) with the Predicative Infinitive Construction; b) Translate the sentences with the same construction: 1. New kinds of tools are expected to be used for machining operations in the years to come. 2. The new approach to the shaping processes is believed to result in considerable improvements. 3. Some machining operations are supposed to have been practiced for three thousand years. 4. Material removal processes are considered to be the major processes in engineering. 5. A now kind of machine-tool control is known to have been introduced recently. Exercise 2. Translate the sentences paying special attention to the word involve. 1. Shaping of the material involves the use of force or heat, or both. 2. The introduction of entirely new pro