第二章 义务论和康德的道德哲学.pptVIP

第二章 康德的道德哲学 （ Chapter 2 Kant’s Moral Theory） Case： Thirty-five years ago, a Yale University professor designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether ordinary people would follow the directions(指挥、指示、命令) of an authority figure even when the directions required them to act against commonly held moral beliefs. Case: He asked for volunteers for a “learning experiment.” The volunteers or “teachers” were told to ask questions of learners who were in an adjoining（邻接的，隔壁的） room but who could not be seen. The teachers were to administer（管理，给予，执行） an electric shock to the learners when they gave the wrong answer. Case: As the experiment proceeded, the volunteers were instructed（命令，指示，通知） by a researcher in a white coat to increase the shock strength. The learners were actually part of the experiment and were not really being shocked. Case: Even though a learner in the next room would cry out（大声呼喊，大声抱怨） in pain（疼痛） after the shocks, and at one point(一度，在某一时刻 ) was seemingly reduced（使变弱） to unconsciousness（无意识，意识不清）, many of the teachers continued to do what the researcher told them to do. Case: They were later informed that they themselves had been the subjects（被试者） of the research and that it was an experiment about people’s obedience（服从，顺从） to authorities, not about learning. Case:电击试验 Not surprisingly, many subjects were quite upset when they learned this. They were angry both at being lied to and on realizing what they had done or had been willing to do. 案例：电击试验 关于服从的经典研究是由社会心理学家米尔格拉姆（S.Milgram）于1963年在美国的耶鲁大学进行的。这项研究是社会心理学领域中最具影响力的实验之一。米尔格拉姆通过公开招聘的方式，以每小时付给4.5美元的价格招聘到40名自愿参加者，他们包括教师、工程师、邮局职员、工人和商人，平均年龄在25~50岁之间。 案例：电击试验 实验者告诉被试，他们将参加一项研究惩罚对学生学习的影响的实验，要求两人一组，用抽签的方式决定其中一人当学生，另一人当教师。教师的任务是朗读配对的关联词，学生的任务是记住这些词，然后教师呈现这些词，让学生在给定的四个词中选择一个正确的答案，如果选错了，教师就通过按电钮给学生以电击作为惩罚。 　　 案例：电击试验 事实上，研究者事先已经安排了每次抽签的结果总是真正的被试作为教师，而作为学生的却是实验者助手。实验过程中，当学生的假被试和当教师的真被试被分别安排在不同的房间里，学生的胳膊上绑上电极，被绑在椅子上，以便在记忆词汇发生错误时被教师惩罚。 案例：电击试验 教师与学生之间是通过声讯的方式进行联系的。教师的操作台上每个电键都标明了电击的严重程度，从15V的轻微，到