2章 热力学第二定律.ppt

* 饱和蒸气压 补充 纯物质的饱和蒸气压指一定温度下物质（液体或固体）向有限的真空空间蒸发并达到气-液（气-固）平衡时的气相压力。（如图） * 不同温度时水和冰的蒸气压力 * 外压与蒸气压的关系 如果液体放在惰性气体(空气)中，并设空气不溶于液体，这时液体的蒸气压将随着外压的改变而作相应的改变，通常是外压增大，液体的蒸气压也升高。 式中 是总压， 是有惰气存在、外压为 时的蒸气压， 是无惰气存在时液体自身的饱和蒸气压。当 时，则 。 假设气相为理想气体，则有如下的近似关系： * RUDOLF JULIUS EMMANUEL CLAUSIUS RUDOLF JULIUS EMMANUEL CLAUSIUS (1822-1888) German mathematical physicist,is perhaps best known for the statement of the second law of thermodynamics in the form “Heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body.”which he presented to the Berlin Academy in 1805.He also made fundamental contributions to the field of the knietic theory of gases and anticipated Arrhenius by suggesting that molecules in electrolytes continually exchange atoms. * WILLIAM THOMSON,Lord Kelvin WILLIAM THOMSON,Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) Irish-born British physicist,proposed his absolute scale of temperature,which is independent of the thermometric substance in 1848.In one of his earliest papers dealing with heat conduction of the earth,Thomson showed that about 100 million years ago, the physical condition of the earth must have been quite different from that of today.He did fundamental work in telegraphy , and navigation.For his services in trans-Atlantic telegraphy,Thomson was raised to the peerage,with the title Baron Kelvin of Larg.There was no heir to the title,and it is now extinct. * NICOLAS LEONHARD SADI CARNOT NICOLAS LEONHARD SADI CARNOT (1796-1832) a French military engineer.His only published work was Reflexions Sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les Machines Propres a Developer catte Puissance (1824),in which he discussed the conversion of heat into work and laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics. He was the scion of a distinguished French family that was very active in political and military affairs. His nephew, Marie Francois Sadi Carnot (1837-1894),was the fourth president of the Third French Republic. * LUDWIG BOLTZMANN LUDWIG BOLT