Ch_11BOutline-bookonly.ppt.pptVIP

Chapter 12 Chromosomal Inheritance Chapter 12 Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader Chromosomal Inheritance Ch. 12 Outline – Chromosomal Inheritance X-Linked Alleles Human X-Linked Disorders Gene Linkage Crossing-Over Chromosome Map Changes in Chromosome Number Changes in Chromosome Structure Human Syndromes Chromosomal Inheritance Humans are diploid (2 chromosomes of each type) Humans have 23 different kinds of chromosomes Arranged in 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes Total of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) per cell One of the chromosome pairs determines the sex of an individual (The sex chromosomes) The other 22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes Autosomal chromosomes are numbered from smallest (#1) to largest (#22) The sex chromosomes are numbered as the 23rd pair Sex Determination in Humans Sex is determined in humans by allocation of chromosomes at fertilization Both sperm and egg carry one of each of the 22 autosomes The egg always carries the X chromosome as number 23 The sperm may carry either and X or Y If the sperm donates an X in fertilization, the zygote will be female If the sperm donates a Y in fertilization, the zygote will be male Therefore, the sex of all humans is determined by the sperm donated by their father X-Linked Alleles Genes carried on autosomes are said to be autosomally linked Genes carried on the female sex chromosome (X) are said to be X-linked (or sex-linked) X-linked genes have a different pattern of inheritance than autosomal genes have The Y chromosome is blank for these genes Recessive alleles on X chromosome: Follow familiar dominant/recessive rules in females (XX) Are always expressed in males (XY), whether dominant or recessive Males said to be monozygous for X-linked genes Eye Color in Fruit Flies Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are common subjects for genetics research They normally (wild-type) have red eyes A mutant recessive allele of a gene on the X chromosome can cause white eyes Possible combinations of genotype and phenotype: