Lecture1.ppt-Indico.pptVIP

Channeling Materials spatially symmetric atomic structures. Particle is incident at angles less than some critical angle with respect to a symmetry axis of the crystal. Critical angle Particle a series of correlated small angle scatterings Slowly oscillating trajectory Critical angle Schematic diagram of scattering. Particle suffers a series of correlated scatterings * Range How far penetrate before lose all of their energy ? Range Range depends material, particle their energy. How calculate range Beam of desired energy different thickness Ratio transmitted to incident Range-number distance curve Range approached ratio drops. The curve does not drop immediately to background level. * Statistical distribution of range Approximate path length travelled * The curve slopes down certain spread of thickness Energy loss not continuous, statistical in nature. Two identical particles with same initial energy will not suffer the same number of collisions. A measurement ensemble of identical particles, statistical distribution of ranges centered about some mean value. Mean range roughly half particles absorbed * This phenomenon range straggling Exact range all particles absorbed Tangent to the curve at midpoint extrapolating to zero level This value extrapolated or practical range Mean range Multiple scattering small heavy particle Semi-empirical formula * Energy loss of electrons and positrons Collision loss Bremsstrahlung Electron-electron bremsstrahlung Critical energy Radiation length Range of electrons * Collision loss Basic mechanism of collision loss valid for electrons and positrons Bethe-Bloch formula modification Two reasons Assumption small mass remains undeflected invalid Calculations consider indistinguishability Allowab