Lecture25.BlackbodyRadiation(Ch.7).pptVIP

Lecture 26. Blackbody Radiation (Ch. 7) Radiation in Equilibrium with Matter Photons Chemical Potential of Photons = 0 Density of States for Photons Spectrum of Blackbody Radiation Classical Limit (small f, large ?), Rayleigh-Jeans Law Rayleigh-Jeans Law (cont.) High ? limit, Wien’s Displacement Law ?max ? ?max Solar Radiation Stefan-Boltzmann Law of Radiation Power Emitted by a Black Body Sun’s Mass Loss Radiative Energy Transfer Superinsulation The Greenhouse Effect Thermodynamic Functions of Blackbody Radiation Radiation in the Universe Cosmic Microwave Background CMBR (cont.) Problem 2006 (blackbody radiation) Problem 2006 (blackbody radiation) * Two types of bosons: Composite particles which contain an even number of fermions. These number of these particles is conserved if the energy does not exceed the dissociation energy (~ MeV in the case of the nucleus). (b) particles associated with a field, of which the most important example is the photon. These particles are not conserved: if the total energy of the field changes, particles appear and disappear. We’ll see that the chemical potential of such particles is zero in equilibrium, regardless of density. Typically, radiation emitted by a hot body, or from a laser is not in equilibrium: energy is flowing outwards and must be replenished from some source. The first step towards understanding of radiation being in equilibrium with matter was made by Kirchhoff, who considered a cavity filled with radiation, the walls can be regarded as a heat bath for radiation. The walls emit and absorb e.-m. waves. In equilibrium, the walls and radiation must have the same temperature T. The energy of radiation is spread over a range of frequencies, and we define uS (?,T) d? as the energy density (per unit volume) of the radiation with frequencies between ? and ?+d?. uS(?,T) is the spectral energy density. The internal energy of the photon gas: In equilibrium, uS (?,T) is the same everywhere in the cavity, and