8.EnvironmentalIssues.ppt.pptVIP

Maximum Core Temperature A maximum core temperature of 38°C is often used as a limit for working environments. Death will occur in the region of 42°C core temperature. Body under cold stress: Two main mechanisms: Vasoconstriction Peripheral blood vessels constrict to reduce the flow of blood to the body surface that reduces heat loss. Shivering Psychological Responses to Poor Ambient Conditions: Less Severe: Decreased Concentration Decreased Response Time More Severe: Mental confusion Unconsciousness Death due to Ventricular Fibrillation (heart failure) Permissible Heat Exposure Threshold Limit Values in Degrees C, WBGT Workload Work/Rest (per hour) Light Moderate Heavy Continuous 30.0 26.7 25.0 75% / 25% 30.6 28.0 25.9 50% / 50% 31.4 29.4 27.9 25% / 75% 32.2 31.1 30.0 Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT): Temperature associated with moisture content of the air. WBT is taken by surrounding the thermometer with a wet wick and measuring the reading as the water evaporates. WBT readings are typically lower than dry-bulb temperatures. With high relative humidity, little evaporative cooling occurs, and the reading is similar to that of a dry-bulb thermometer. On a dry day, significant evaporation occurs from the wetted bulb, which maximized the differences between the two thermometer readings (air velocity is obviously a factor). Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT): Temperature we measure with a standard thermometer that has no water surface on it. When people refer to temperature of the air they are usually referring to this. Relative Humidity (RH): How saturated the air is with water vapor. The amount of moisture air can hold increases a the dry bulb temperature increases. When referring to the relative humidity it is important to define the dry bulb temperature of the air as well. Methods of Heat Loss: Convection Air flows along the skin Heat transferred from skin to air Conduction Heat transferred by touch i.e. working in water, handling cold products, etc. Evaporati