InternetProtocols-ECSE-RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute.ppt

ECSE-6660Introduction to Optical Networking Relevant Optics Fundamentals / Or /Homepages/shivkuma/ Shivkumar Kalyanaraman Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute shivkuma@ Quick History Relevant Properties of Light Components of Fiber Optic Transmission and Switching Systems Chapter 2 of Ramaswami/Sivarajan Quick History of Optical Networking 1958: Laser discovered Mid-60s: Guided wave optics demonstrated 1970: Production of low-loss fibers Made long-distance optical transmission possible! 1970: invention of semiconductor laser diode Made optical transceivers highly refined! 70s-80s: Use of fiber in telephony: SONET Mid-80s: LANs/MANs: broadcast-and-select architectures 1988: First trans-atlantic optical fiber laid Late-80s: EDFA (optical amplifier) developed Greatly alleviated distance limitations! Mid/late-90s: DWDM systems explode Late-90s: Intelligent Optical networks Big Picture: Optical Transmission System Pieces Big Picture: DWDM Optical components Evolution of Fiber Transmission Systems Electromagnetic Spectrum What is Light? Theories of Light What is Light? Wave nature: Reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, polarization, fading, loss … Transverse EM (TEM) wave: Interacts with any charges in nearby space… Characterized by frequency, wavelength, phase and propagation speed Simplified Maxwell’s equations-analysis for monochromatic, planar waves Photometric terms: luminous flux, candle intensity, illuminance, Luminance… Particle nature: Number of photons, min energy: E = hu “Free” space = no matter OR EM fields Trajectory affected by strong EM fields Light Attributes of Interest Dual Nature: EM wave and particle Many ?s: wide continuous spectrum Polarization: circular, elliptic, linear: affected by fields and matter Optical Power: wide range; affected by matter Propagation: Straight path in free space In matter it is affected variously (absorbed, scattered, through); In waveguides, it follows bends Propagation speed: diff ?s travel at diff