《Jammed systems in slow ow need a》.pdfVIP

Downloaded from / on January 18, 2016 10.1098/rsta.2002.1162 Jammed systems in slow ° ow need a new statistical mechanics By J asna B r u j i c, S a m F. Edwards a n d Dmitri G rinev¶ Polymers and Colloids Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK Published online 28 February 2003 The slow dynamics of granular ®ow is studied as an extension of static granular prob- lems, which, as a consequence of shaking or related regimes, can be studied by the methods of statistical mechanics. For packed (i.e. `jammed’), hard and rough objects, kinetic energy is a minor and ignorable quantity, as is strain. Hence, in the static case, the stress equations need supplementing by `missing equations’ depending solely on con gurations. These are in the literature; this paper extends the equilibrium studies to slow dynamics, claiming that the strain rate (which is a consequence of ®ow, not of elastic strain) takes the place of stress, and as before, the analogue of Stokes’s equation has to be supplemented by new `missing equations’ which are derived and which depend only on con gurations. Keywords: jamming; forces; granular; dynamics; colloids 1. The problem The crucial granular system concerns packed, hard and rough objects: packed means no kinetic problems, hard means no elastic problems and rough means all motion is con ned to sliding and rolling. Such a problem, where grains are squeezed out to the right of the granular ensemble depicted in gure 1, has no relationship whatsoever to the kinetic theory of gases. There can be transport equations, but kinetic energy is an irrelevant concept. A prelude to dynamics is statics, and granular st