测厚仪基本原理.pptVIP

Theory of Transmission Gauging forThickness Measurementof Metals Basic Principle Basic Principles Properties of Radiation All radiation has two distinct properties Energy Similar to the COLOR of visible light, usually expressed in keV or meV Intensity Similar to BRIGHTNESS of visible light Three Ways to use Radiation for Measurement Three modes of measurement may be used according to the application Transmission mode, used for direct measurement of strip thickness Fluorescence mode, used to measure thickness of metallic coatings Backscatter mode, used to measure thickness of paint coatings Measurement of Thickness Detected Beam Intensity Generation of X-rays Gamma-rays Natural Decay of Isotope: Am241 Cs137 are most commonly used Single Fixed Energy (Mono-chromatic) Reliable Lower Cost Low Power Cannot be turned off X-ray Tube: High voltage accelerates electrons to a target Energy Spectrum Selectable Energy Safer - Turn off HV to stop radiation output Greater photon intensity Lower Noise Higher Cost Radiation Sources for Measuring Steel Thickness Ranges - Steel Sr90 (Beta ray) 0.05 - 1.00 mm Am241 (Gamma Ray) 0.15 - 6.25 mm Cs137 (Gamma Ray) 6.0 - 125 mm 100kV (X-ray) 0.1 - 10.0 mm 160kV (X-ray) 0.2 - 25.0 mm 240kV (X-ray) 1.0 - 60.0 mm Radio-Isotope Source Output Radiation is emitted in all directions, non-preferentially Self-absorption limits radiation available for measurement Radioactive source output is not a linear function of source activity Half-Lives of Radiation Sources Isotopes have “Half Lives” --- the time for activity to decay to half of the original value Am241 433 years Cs137 30 years Cm244 17.8 years Sr90 29.6 years Kr85 10.7 years Pm137 2.6 years Detection of X-rays and Gamma-rays Ion Chamber Scintillation Detector Statistical Noise Noise is caused by statistics of radiation generation, absorption, and detection Noise is measured as 1 sigma - 68.3% of time 2 sigma - 95.5% of time 3 sigma - 99.7% of time 1.65 sigma - 90% of time Noi