fundamentals of database systems - cis.drexel.edu.pptVIP

Copyright ? 2004 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems Disk Storage Copyright ? 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 13-* Chapter Outline Disk Storage Devices Files of Records Operations on Files Unordered Files Ordered Files Hashed Files Chapter 13-* Disk Storage Devices (cont.) Preferred secondary storage device for high storage capacity and low cost. Data stored as magnetized areas on magnetic disk surfaces. A disk pack contains several magnetic disks connected to a rotating spindle. Disks are divided into concentric circular tracks on each disk surface. Track capacities vary typically from 4 to 50 Kbytes. Chapter 13-* Disk Storage Devices (cont.) Because a track usually contains a large amount of information, it is divided into smaller blocks or sectors. The division of a track into sectors is hard-coded on the disk surface and cannot be changed. One type of sector organization calls a portion of a track that subtends a fixed angle at the center as a sector. A track is divided into blocks. The block size B is fixed for each system. Typical block sizes range from B=512 bytes to B=4096 bytes. Whole blocks are transferred between disk and main memory for processing. Chapter 13-* Disk Storage Devices (cont.) Chapter 13-* Disk Storage Devices (cont.) A read-write head moves to the track that contains the block to be transferred. Disk rotation moves the block under the read-write head for reading or writing. A physical disk block (hardware) address consists of a cylinder number (imaginery collection of tracks of same radius from all recoreded surfaces), the track number or surface number (within the cylinder), and block number (within track). Reading or writing a disk block is time consuming because of the seek time s and rotational delay (latency) rd. Double buffering can be used to speed up the transfer of contiguous disk blocks. Chapter 13-* Disk Storage Devices (cont.) Chapter 13-* Records Fixed and variabl