massive-star supernovae as major dust factories.pptVIP

Massive-Star Supernovae as Major Dust Factories Ben E. K. Sugerman, Barbara Ercolano, M. J. Barlow, A. G. G. M. Tielens, Geoffrey C. Clayton, Albert A. Zijlstra, Margaret Meixner, Angela Speck, Tim M. Gledhill, Nino Panagia, Martin Cohen, Karl D. Gordon, Martin Meyer, Joanna Fabbri, Janet. E. Bowey, Douglas L. Welch, Michael W. Regan, Robert C. Kennicutt Jr. Science, 313 (14 July 2006), 196-200 Abstract Introduction Data in support dust production 1. Mid-IR excess 2.Asymmetric blue-shifted emission line 3. Increasing optical extinction Dust-mass analysis Model results Interpretation of dust mass Discussion Conclusion * * Reviewed by Koji Wada, 21 Nov. 2006 Type II Supernova 2003gd in the galaxy NGC 628 Optical Mid-Infrared observation by Spitzer Space Telescope 499-678 days after outburst: Mid-IR excesses Increasing optical extinction Asymmetries in the emission line profile (blueshift) Radiative-transfer model (3-D Monte Carlo radiative-transfer code: MOCASSIN) Dust formed within the Supernova ejecta ～ 0.02 M Massive-star supernovae may be major dust producers! and others How to produce interstellar dust in the early universe: Gentle winds of low-mass AGB stars? → too long time Massive stars’ Type II supernovae (SNe) ? →　Theoretically possible (0.08-1M ), but very low (10-4M ) in previous observations (SNe 1987A, 1999em) Difficult to confirm, because… SNe are rare and far apart Remnants are too cold (30K) to distinguish dust cloud (Spitzer’s IR camera : 50 – 500 K ) Type II-P SN 2003gd (progenitor mass of 8+4-2 M ) Rare case of cotemporaneous optical and mid-IR observations! Mid-IR excess Asymmetric blue-shifted emission lines ※ Dust obscures more emission from receding gas. Increase in optical extinction Hubble Spitzer mid-IR 499 days 670 days 678 days, Multiband Imaging Secptrometer 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, 8.0 mm 24 mm Black body fit (5.8,8.0mm@499days): 480 K, L = 4.6×105 L r = 6.8×1015 cm Asymmetry Dust with an increa