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glacier surge mechanism based on linked cavity configuration.pdf

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glacier surge mechanism based on linked cavity configuration

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 92, NO. B9, PAGES 9083-9100, AUGUST 10, 1987 GlacierSurgeMechanismBasedon LinkedCavity Configuration of the BasalWater ConduitSystem BARCLAY KAMB Divisionof Geologicaland PlanetarySciences,CaliforniaInstituteof Technology,Pasadena Basedon observationsof the 1982-1983 surgeof VariegatedGlacier, Alaska, a model of the surgemechanismis developedin termsof a transitionfrom the normaltunnelconfigurationof the basalwater conduitsystemto a linked cavity configurationthat tendsto restrictthe flow of water, resultinginincreasedbasalwaterpressuresthatcauserapidbasalsliding.Thelinkedcavitysystem consistsof basalcavitiesformed by ice-bedrockseparation(cavitation),~1 m high and ~10 m in horizontaldimensions,widely scatteredoverthe glacierbed, and hydraulicallylinked by narrow connectionswhereseparationis minimal(separationgap•0.1 m). The narrowconnections,called orifices,controlthewaterflow throughthe conduitsystem;by throttlingtheflow throughthe large cavities,the orificeskeep the water flux transmittedby the basalwater systemat normal levels even thoughthe total cavity cross-sectionalarea (-200 m2) is much larger than that of a tunnel system(-10 m2). A physicalmodel of the linked cavity systemis formulatedin terms of the dimensionsof the typicalcavity andorifice andthe numbersof theseacrossthe glacierwidth. The modelconcentratesonthedetailedconfigurationof thetypicalorificeanditsresponseto basal water pressureand basalsliding,which determinesthe water flux carriedby the s