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mortgage default risk and real estate prices the use of index
Mortgage Default Risk and Real Estate Prices 243
Journal of Housing Research • Volume 7, Issue 2 243
© Fannie Mae Foundation 1996. All Rights Reserved.
Mortgage Default Risk and Real Estate Prices: The Use
of Index-Based Futures and Options in Real Estate
Karl E. Case and Robert J. Shiller*
Abstract
This article makes the case for using index-based futures and options driven by region-specific
movements in house prices as the basis for hedging mortgage default risk. Taking the view that
mortgage holders write put options on real estate assets, the first part of the article lays out the
theoretical case for a hedging strategy based on house price changes. The second part reviews the
empirical literature on default risk and uses data from the Mortgage Bankers Association of
America and repeat sales indices to test for the significance of house price movements in predicting
mortgage default.
The results suggest that between 1975 and 1993, periods of high default rates strongly follow real
estate price declines or interruptions in real estate price increases. The relation between price
declines and foreclosure rates is modeled using a distributed lag. The results support the case for
a hedging strategy based on house price changes.
Keywords: default; hedging; mortgage-backed securities
Introduction
In a previous article (Case, Shiller, and Weiss 1993) we argued that there is a need for
a liquid, national hedging market in real estate prices. We proposed futures and options
markets that are cash-settled on the basis of indices of city or regional residential real
estate prices.
Individual homeowners are the largest bearers of residential real estate risk, and they
have the most to gain from hedging in such markets. Homeowners are for the most part
highly leveraged and undiversified. Most are unsophisticated
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