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Journal of Machine Learning Research 5 (2004) 913–939 Submitted 7/03; Revised 11/03; Pulished 8/04
Image Categorization by Learning
and Reasoning with Regions
Yixin Chen YIXIN @C S .UN O .EDU
Department of Computer Science
University of New Orleans
New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
James Z. Wang JWAN G @I ST.P SU .EDU
School of Information Sciences and Technology
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA 16802, USA
Editor: Donald Geman
Abstract
Designing computer programs to automatically categorize images using low-level features is a chal-
lenging research topic in computer vision. In this paper, we present a new learning technique, which
extends Multiple-Instance Learning (MIL), and its application to the problem of region-based im-
age categorization. Images are viewed as bags, each of which contains a number of instances
corresponding to regions obtained from image segmentation. The standard MIL problem assumes
that a bag is labeled positive if at least one of its instances is positive; otherwise, the bag is negative.
In the proposed MIL framework, DD-SVM, a bag label is determined by some number of instances
satisfying various properties. DD-SVM first learns a collection of instance pr ototypes according
to a Diverse Density (DD) function. Each instance prototype represents a class of instances that is
more likely to appear in bags with the specific label than in the other bags. A nonlinear mapping
is then defined using the instance prototypes and maps every bag to a point in a new feature space,
named the bag featur e space. Finally, stan
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