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insight review articles
Co-evolution and
plant resistance to natural enemies
Mark D. Rausher
Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Group, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0338, USA
(e-mail: mrausher@)
Co-evolution between plants and their natural enemies is generally believed to have generated much of the
Earth’s biological diversity. A process analogous to co-evolution occurs in agricultural systems, in which
natural enemies adapt to crop resistance introduced by breeding or genetic engineering. Because of
this similarity, the investigation of resistance mechanisms in crops is helping to elucidate the workings
of co-evolution in nature, while evolutionary principles, including those derived from investigation of
co-evolution in nature, are being applied in the management of resistance in genetically engineered crops.
he process of co-evolution between plants and allows resistance genes to be transferred into crops from dis-
their natural enemies — including viruses, fungi, tantly related (even non-plant) species. Such technological
bacteria, nematodes, insects and mammals — is advances have stimulated plant molecular biologists to
believed by many biologists to have generated explore the genetic and biochemical control of resistance
much of the Earth’s biological diversity1,2 characters, with the aim of transferring new resistance genes
T .
Co-evolution is a reciprocal evolutionary interaction into crops, although they have not alleviated the threat that
between a plant and one or more of its natural enemies that natural enemies will evolve counter-resistance to whatever
occu
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