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JIRSS (2002)
Vol. 1, Nos. 1-2, pp 7-33
Modeling Nonnegative Data with Clumping at
Zero: A Survey
Yongyi Min, Alan Agresti
Department of Statistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
32611-8545. (ymin@stat.ufl.edu, aa@stat.ufl.edu)
Abstract. Applications in which data take nonnegative values but
have a substantial proportion of values at zero occur in many dis-
ciplines. The modeling of such “clumped-at-zero” or “zero-inflated”
data is challenging. We survey models that have been proposed. We
consider cases in which the response for the non-zero observations is
continuous and in which it is discrete. For the continuous and then
the discrete case, we review models for analyzing cross-sectional data.
We then summarize extensions for repeated measurement analyses
(e.g., in longitudinal studies), for which the literature is still sparse.
We also mention applications in which more than one clump can oc-
cur and we suggest problems for future research.
1 Introduction
In some applications, the response variable can take any nonnegative
value but has positive probability of a zero outcome. We refer to
a variable as semicontinuous when it has a continuous distribution
Received: May 2002
Key words and phrases: Compliance, finite mixture model, logistic regression,
Neyman type a distribution, proportional odds model, semicontinuous data, Tobit
model, zero-inflated data.
8 Min and Agresti
except for a probability mass at 0. Semicontinuous data are common
in many areas. For example, when each observation is a record of the
total rainfall in the previous day, many days have no rainfall. In a
study of household expenditures, some households spend nothing on
a certain commodity during the period of investigation. In a study
of annual medical costs, a portion of the
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