Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to.pdfVIP

Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity Enrique Playán1 and Luciano Mateos2 1 Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, CSIC. Apdo. 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain www.eead.csic.es Email playan@eead.csic.es 2 Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC. Apdo. 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain E-mail ag1mainl@uco.es Abstract Population increase and the improvement of living standards brought about by development will result in a sharp increase in food demand during the next decades. Most of this increase will be met by the products of irrigated agriculture. At the same time, the water input per unit irrigated area will have to be reduced in response to water scarcity and environmental concerns. Water productivity is projected to increase through gains in crop yield and reductions in irrigation water. In order to meet these projections, irrigation systems will have to be modernized and optimized. Water productivity can be defined in a number of ways, although it always represents the output of a given activity (in economic terms, if possible) divided by some expression of water input. The authors identified five expressions for this indicator, using different approaches to water input. A hydrological analysis of water productivity poses a number of questions on the choice of the water input expression, since in many cases irrigation return flows can not be considered as a net water loss from a basin-wide perspective. A number of irrigation modernization and optimization measures are discussed in the paper. Particular attention is paid to the improvement of irrigation management, which shows much better economic return than the improvement of the irrigation structures. In closed basins the hydrological effects of these improvements may be deceiving, since they will be accompanied by larger crop evapotranspiration and even increased cropping intensity. As a consequence, less water will be available for alternative uses. Medi