第四讲 刑事司法：公共政策的理性与非理性解读.ppt

4.11.5 Moratoriums 延期执行 The death penalty as it is employed today—inflicted on so few after so many years following the crime—has little deterrent effect. 今天所适用的死刑——对极少数的人施加死刑，并且在犯罪多年之后才执行， 因此，几乎起不到威慑的作用。 4.11.6 Deterrent Value 威慑的价值 End About half of all felony arrests result in dismissal of the charges against the defendant. 大约有一半由于重罪而实施的逮捕，最后驳回了对被告的指控。 4.8.1 Insufficient Evidence and Dismissal 证据不足与撤诉 Individuals are protected by the Fourth Amendment from “unreasonable searches and seizures” of their private “persons, houses, papers, and effects.” The amendment lays out specific rules for searches and seizures of evidence: “No warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” 4.8.2 Unreasonable Searches and Seizures 不合理的搜查与扣押 《宪法第四修正案》规定，公民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受不合理搜查 和扣押的权利，不得侵犯。这条修正案还列出了搜查和扣押的具体规定： “除依据可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保证，并详细说明搜查地点 和扣押的人或物外，不得发出搜查和扣押令。” 4.8.2 Unreasonable Searches and Seizures 不合理的搜查与扣押 The September 11, 2001, terrorist attack on America inspired a new examination of the personal freedoms of Americans and their willingness to sacrifice some of these freedoms for the safety and security of society. Patriot Act strengthened the federal government’s powers of surveillance, searches, seizures, and detention of terrorist suspects. It allows a special Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISA) to issue warrants for wiretapping and searches of records, including credit cards; bank statements; libraries; college and university records; and so on, in suspected terrorist cases. 4.8.3 The Patriot Act 《美国爱国者法》 2001年，“9 ·11”恐怖事件的发生促使美国重新思考美国人的个人自由和 他们为社会的安全而牺牲一部分个人自由的意愿。《美国爱国者法》加强了 联邦政府对恐怖嫌疑人的监视、搜查、扣押和拘留的权力。在处理恐怖案件时， 它允许外国情报监督法庭这一特殊机构授权进行电子窃听、证据搜查，包括 查询信用卡记录、银行账单、图书馆、高校档案等。 4.8.3 The Patriot Act 《美国爱国者法》 Freedom from self-incrimination originated in English common law; it w