漂白新技术（双语教学）课件.ppt

Introduction Oxygen Delignification Ozone Delignification Peroxide Bleaching Peracid Bleaching Hydrosulfite Bleaching Chlorination Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching Enzyme Treatment of Pulp(Biobleaching) INTRODUCTION Objectives ●Brightness ●Cleanliness ●Purification-dissolving grade Historical background Major concerns ◇Costs ◇Environmental ◇Energy Reactions of different oxidants used in bleaching Cl2+2e-→2Cl- NaOCl+H2O+2e-→NaCl+2OH- ClO2+2H2O+5e-→Cl-+4OH- O2+2H2O+4e-→4OH- H2O2+2H++2e-→2H2O O3+3H++6e-→3OH- Bleaching sequence Two improtant aspects of establishing the proper sequence of bleaching: ★Cost ★Selectivity Typical bleaching sequences ●CEH ●(C+D)EoDED ●DEoDED ●OZEoD ●OQP ●YP Coventional sequences for KP CEDED CEHDED Softwood CEDED CEHD Hardwood New sequences OCEoDED CDEoDEpD OCDEoD OZED XEOPDED New development ECF—OPDED ODEDD TCF—OZEP OQPZP OQPP Oxygen Delignification Two factors that dictate process design of O2 delignification △Oxygen reacts only with units having free-phenolic hydroxyl group only at temperature above 70℃ △Solubility of oxygen in water is very low, especially at temperature above 70℃ Note Process condition for oxygen delignification Reactive Species in Oxygen Bleaching Electrophiles: O2≡·O2·, HOO·, HO·, (·O2-)(·O-) Nucleophiles: HOO-, (HOOH) Reactivity of transients in oxygen/alkali delignification systems Oxygen Bleaching System △Complex interplay between radical and ionic reactions △Radical (electrophilic) reactions Fast Mailnly responsible for lignin fragmentation (delignification) △Ionic (nucleophilic) reactions Slow Destruction of chromophoric structures (brightness improvement) O-stage combines delignification and bleaching △Chemistry of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide bleac