微观经济学Ch_0资料.ppt

Supply, Demand and Government Policies供给、需求和政府政策 Chapter 6 Importance of Supply-Demand Analysis A little knowledge goes a long way: Price Control, Taxation and other policies. 价格管制、税收和其他政策 Market welfare: Normative Analysis 市场福利：规范分析 International Trade 国际贸易 Externality (Market Failure) 外部性（市场失灵） Market Power (Market Failure) 市场垄断（市场失灵） Other markets: Financial Market, Labor Market. 其它市场：金融市场，劳动市场 Macroeconomics 宏观经济学 Supply, Demand andGovernment Policies In a free, unregulated market system, market forces establish equilibrium prices and exchange quantities. 在一个自由的没有管制的市场体系中，市场力量自身会达到均衡的价格和数量 While equilibrium conditions may be efficient, it may be true that not everyone is satisfied. 即使均衡是有效率的，它也未必能使每个人都满意。 One of the roles of economists is to use their theories to assist in the development of policies. 经济学家的职能之一就是使用他们的理论来协助制订政策。 Price Control…价格控制 Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers. 当决策者认为市场价格对买者或卖者不公平时通常会采用价格控制。 Result in government-created price ceilings and floors. 由此产生了由政府创造的价格上限和下限。 Price Ceilings Price Floors价格上限和价格下限 Price Ceiling A legally established maximum price at which a good can be sold. 价格上限是指法律规定的一个商品可以销售的最高价格。 Price Floor A legally established minimum price at which a good can be sold. 价格下限是指法律规定的一个商品可以销售的最低价格。 Price Ceilings 价格上限 Two outcomes are possible when the government imposes a price ceiling: 当政府限定最高价格时，可能会有两种结果： The price ceiling is not binding if set above the equilibrium price. 如果价格上限在均衡价格之上，则该最高限价没有约束作用。 The price ceiling is binding if set below the equilibrium price, leading to a shortage. 如果价格上限在均衡价格之下，则会导致短缺。 A Price Ceiling That Is Not Binding价格上限没有约束作用 A Price Ceiling That Is Binding价格上限起约束作用 Effects of Price Ceilings价格上限的结果 A binding price ceiling creates ： 有约束的价格上限会导致： shortages because QD QS.短缺 Example: Gasoline shortage of the 1970s 例如：1970年代的汽油短缺 nonprice rationing非价格配给 Examples: Long lines, Discrimination by sellers 例如：排长队，卖者歧视 Lines at