分子植物育种现状与展望精要.pptVIP

* Molecular breeding procedures can be facilitated and revolutionized through whole genome strategies, which are featured by utilizing full genome sequence and genome-wide molecular markers to address all genomic and environmental factors through a representative or complete set of genetics and breeding germplasm. * * * * * * Fig. S1. Ecosystem functions of annual and perennial crops. (Left) Annual crops have relatively short growing seasons, shallow rooting depths, and lower root densities. This limits their access to nutrients and water, leaves croplands more vulnerable to degradation, and reduces soil carbon inputs and habitat for wildlife. (Right) Perennial crops capture, retain, and utilize more precipitation, have access to soil nutrients deeper within the soil, maintain more plant residues at the soil surface, and intercept sunlight for greater lengths of the year ( * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Genotyping-by-sequencing and genomewide selection are two important components of the strategies. * * * * * * * * * * * * These are across-the-board type of challenges relevant to various approaches. Norman Borlaug was able to breed wheat vars. for Pakistan and India from Mexico. That may be true for wheat in Africa, as well, but wheat is a very minor crop in Africa. Africa’s top four staple crops are maize, cassava, sorghum, and millets, which are notorious for requiring local adaptation. Africa has xx% of the world’s human population, but yy% of the world’s independent nations. Aside from a few large countries like Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Congo, Africa is a continent of small countries, meaning hard-won policy breakthroughs don’t travel far, at least in the immediate term. Estimates are that xx% of seed used in Africa is of traditional varieties, which have many important genetic traits, some of which are quite valuable, but which tend to be low-yielding and unresponsive to fertilizers and improved crop management. * These strategies need to be integr