第02章+温度因子的生态作用及生物的适应祥解.pptVIP

Aquatic birds and Mammals 水生鸟和水生哺乳动物 So, how to keep heat as well as get oxygen for endotherms? 1）Using air-breathing to get oxygen, instead of gill-breathing 2）Bearing a thick layer of fat or fur. Appendages (附肢）are outfitted with countercurrent heat exchangers(逆流交换系统) to reduce heat loss。 1）The capacity of water to absorb heat without changing temperature is ca. 3000 times that of air； 2）But conductive and convective heat loss to water are much more rapid than to air: over 20 times faster in still water and up to 100 times faster in moving water. Countercurrent heat exchanger 金枪鱼体侧肌肉中的逆流交换器 Warming the Swimming Muscles of large marine Fish 动脉 静脉 Water temperature and body temperature of a bluefin tuna Warming Insect Flight Muscles 昆虫飞行肌加热机制 Does sphinx moths regulation body temperature through changing metabolic rate? (Adams Heath,1964) Hawkmoth Heinrich did not find changing of the metabolic rate in response to variations in temperature. So, he proposed a hypothesis that sphinx moths regulate body temperature by changing their rates of heat loss to the environment. 烟草天蛾的体温调节和血液循环 思考题 1 蝴蝶是变温动物，白天活动，从赤道雨林到北极都有分布，它们以晒太阳的方式提高体温。那么，随纬度的不同，它们用于晒太阳和飞行的时间比例会如何变化？蝴蝶晒太阳的时间会随着每天温度的变化而改变吗？ 2 有人在新疆塔城的严冬雪地里发现一种会飞的蛾子，你分析它的体色是什么颜色？为什么？为什么能在零下20多度的冬天飞翔？ 东方臭甘蓝－恒温植物 肉穗花序 苞片 主根 (D) Temperature regulation by thermogenic plants 产热植物 气温与东方臭甘蓝的代谢速率 代谢率（用耗氧率表示） Many organisms survive extreme temperatures by entering a resting stage Case IV：Surviving Extreme temperature (a)Inactivity Tiger beetle （B) Reducing Metabolic Rate When to use Torpor 蛰伏? Torpor is a state of low metabolic rate and lowered body temperature. “Routine hypothesis” or “ Emergency-only Hypo” How to test the hypotheses? Hummingbird How to know whether hummingbirds go into torpor at night? By weighting hummingbirds just before they went to their night roosts(鸟窝), and then again in the early morning. 花蜜食物量与蛰伏状态的关系 Calder’s observation supported the ‘Emergency-only Hypothesis’. Hummingb