微观经济学的ptt第十六课件.ppt

* * The graphical analysis of the monopolistically competitive firm’s output, price, and profits/losses is very similar to that of the monopoly firm. One subtle difference is that the demand curve (and MR curve) facing the monopolistically competitive firm is likely to be flatter than the demand curve facing the monopolist, as the monopolistic competitor faces competition from other firms selling similar products. * * The level of output that minimizes ATC is greater than the output that maximizes the monopolistic competitor’s profits. Hence, we say the monopolistic competitor operates with excess capacity. (More on this topic on the next slide.) * * Due to the markup of price over marginal cost, the market output under monopolistic competition will be smaller than the socially efficient output, as we discuss on the following slide. * * The problem facing policymakers here is similar to the problem arising from natural monopoly: With natural monopoly, ATC is always falling, so MC is below ATC. If regulators force a natural monopoly to price at marginal cost, it will incur losses. * * One of these externalities is positive, the other is negative. It’s not clear which one is bigger, and it may in fact differ by industry. 垄断竞争 ? 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved C H A P T E R 垄断竞争 经济学原理 N.格里高利.曼昆 著 Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 16 本章我们将探索这些问题的答案： 在完全竞争与垄断之间有什么样的市场结构?它们有什么特征？ 垄断竞争企业如何决定产量和价格？它们能获得经济利润吗？ 垄断竞争通过什么方式影响社会福利？ 广告的社会成本与利益分别是什么？ * MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION * 介绍：在垄断与完全竞争之间 两个极端： 完全竞争：许多企业，相同的产品 垄断：一家企业 在这两个极端之间：不完全竞争 寡头：只有几个提供相似或相同产品的卖者 垄断竞争：存在许多出售相似但不相同产品的企业 0 MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION * 垄断竞争的特征与例子 特征： 许多卖者 产品不同 自由进入与退出市场 例子： 公寓 书籍 矿泉水 衣服 快餐 夜总会 0 MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION * 比较完全竞争与垄断竞争 有 没有，价格接受者 企业有市场势力吗? 向右下方倾斜 水平 企业面临的需求曲线 不同 完全相同 企业出售的产品 零利润 零利润 长期经济利润 是 是 自由进入/退出市场 许多 许多 卖者的数量 垄断竞争 完全竞争 0 MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION * 比较垄断与垄断竞争 有 有 企业有市场势力吗? 向右下方倾斜 向右下方倾斜 (市场需求) 企业面临的需求曲线 许多 没有 相近的替代品 零利润 正利润