材料科学-机械性能-英文＂.ppt

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Stress?Strain Relationships Hardness Effect of Temperature on Properties Fluid Properties Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers Mechanical Properties in Design and Manufacturing Mechanical properties determine a material’s behavior when subjected to mechanical stresses Properties include elastic modulus, ductility, hardness, and various measures of strength Dilemma: mechanical properties desirable to the designer, such as high strength, usually make manufacturing more difficult The manufacturing engineer should appreciate the design viewpoint and the designer should be aware of the manufacturing viewpoint Stress?Strain Relationships Three types of static stresses to which materials can be subjected: Tensile - tend to stretch the material Compressive - tend to squeeze it Shear - tend to cause adjacent portions of material to slide against each other Stress?strain curve - basic relationship that describes mechanical properties for all three types Tensile Test Most common test for studying stress?strain relationship, especially metals In the test, a force pulls the material, elongating it and reducing its diameter ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) specifies preparation of test specimen Figure 3.1 ? Tensile test: (c) setup of the tensile test Figure 3.2 ? Typical progress of a tensile test: (1) beginning of test, no load; (2) uniform elongation and reduction of cross?sectional area; (3) continued elongation, maximum load reached; (4) necking begins, load begins to decrease; and (5) fracture. If pieces are put back together as in (6), final length can be measured Engineering Stress Defined as force divided by original area: Engineering Strain Defined at any point in the test as Figure 3.3 ? Typical engineering stress?strain plot in a tensile test of a metal Two Regions of Stress?Strain Curve The two regions indicate two distinct forms of behavior: Elastic region – prior to yielding of the material Plastic region