《跨国公司管理国际商务基础》.docVIP

翻译 第一段：Internal economies of scale.——内部规模经济 When the cost per unit of output depends on the size of an individual firm, the larger the firm, the greater the scale benefits, and the lower the cost per unit. A firm possessing internal economies of scale could potentially monopolize an industry (creating an imperfect market ),both domestically and internationally. If it produces more, lowering the cost per unit, it can lower the market price and sell more products, because it sets market prices. 当单位产量的成本取决于个体公司的大小，公司越大，规模效益越好，那么单位成本就越低。一个公司所拥有的内部规模经济，在国内市场和国际市场之间，有垄断一个行业的潜在可能（创造一个不完全的市场竞争）。如果这个公司生产更多，降低了单位成本，它就能降低市场价格和销售更多的产品，这是因为它建立了市场价格。 第二段The line between dominating a domestic industry and influencing international trade comes from taking this assumption of imperfect markets back to the original concept of comparative advantage. For this firm to expand sufficiently to enjoy its economies of scale, it must take resources away from other domestic industries. A country then sees the range of products in which it specialize narrowing, providing an opportunity for other countries to specialize in these so-called abandoned product ranges. Countries again search out and exploit comparative advantage. 占有国内产业和影响国际贸易之间的界限，来自于大卫李嘉图的比较优势理论中不完全的市场竞争的假设。因为这种公司的扩张，充分的依靠于他的经济规模，它必须从其他的国内产业获得资源。当一个国家看到了一类产品的市场范围在专门缩小，就会提供机会给其他国家,专门生产这些所谓的废弃的产品范围。这个国家就会再一次寻找和开发其他比较优势。 第三段A particularly powerful implication of internal economies of scale is that it provides an explanation of intra-industry trade. Intra-industry trade occurs when a country seemingly imports and exports the same product, an idea that is obviously inconsistent with any of the trade theories put forward in the past three centuries. According to Krugman, internal economies of scale may lead a firm to specialize in a narrow product line (to produce the volume necessary for economies-of-scale cost benefits );other firms in other countries may produce products that are similarly narrow, yet extremely similar: product differ