变异的类型分析.ppt

Chapter Two Three Views on Style 1. Style as choice. Style as choice is meant that “style results from a tendency of speaker or writer to consistently choose certain structures over others available in the language”. (Traugott and Pratt,1980,29) The difference between ‘language’ and ‘style’: Language is the sum total of the structures available to the speaker, while style concerns the characteristic choices by a certain writer either consistently or in a given text or context. A good way of understanding style as choices is put forward by Mick Short: (1) When a writer writes he is constantly making choices between one word and another, one structure and another, and so on. Actually it is a matter of making choices from among different ways of expressions in general rather than a choice from two alternatives. (2) Examination of the choices one makes as opposed to the ones he rejects can help us more fully understand the meaning he is trying to create and the effects he is striving to achieve. (3) He can make choices from both inside and outside of the language system. And the choices from outside the language system are deviant and therefore foreground the language of his writing. (4) Overregularity(过分规则现象) of one’s choices within the language system also makes the effect of foregrounding. 吟得一字安，捻断数茎须。 语不惊人死不休。 一字之得，旬月踯躅。 Consequently, a stylistician should first identify those words or forms which are obviously the results of choice. Although the elements in a text are all the choices of the writer, but in practice, we only focus on the most peculiar and outstanding ones that are most expressive and most relevant to the meaning and interpretation of the text. E.g. 诗人济慈（John Keats）写作“圣安格尼斯前夜”第二十七章的手稿也说明诗人是如何选择的。 When Keats wrote ‘The Eve of St Agnes’, he produces a line like this, 在济慈的原稿上，有这样的诗句： Blinded alike from sunshine and from rain As though a rose should close and be a bud again 后来济慈重新读这句诗时把它的后半句改成了： Blinded alike from suns