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Chapter 4 Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna Arrays In certain applications, desired antenna characteristics may be achieved with a single microstrip element. However, as in the case of conventional microwave antennas, characteristics such as high gain, beam scanning, or steering capability are possible only when discrete radiators are combined to form arrays. The elements of an array may be spatially distributed to form a linear, planar, or volume array. The array has a bandwidth of approximately 600 MHz, is capable of high power operation and offers 30 dB of polarization isolation. It comprises three panels each having 64 elements, mounted in a lightweight frame suitable for use in the radome of an aircraft. In general, radiation characteristics of an array can be determined once the aperture distribution is known. The amplitude and phase distribution at each element is usually determined from the intended application, for example, low sidelobe and beam direction. The means of excitation of the radiating elements are thus an essential and important factor which must be carefully considered so that the required distribution is realized. Existing methods that have been employed to feed microstrip arrays can be categorized into parallel and series feeds, which refers to geometries rather than to actual equivalent circuits. The parallel or corporate feed has a single input port and multiple feed lines in constituting the output ports. Each of these feed lines is terminated at an individual radiating element. The second type of feed system is the series feed. It usually consists of a continuous transmission line from which small proportions of energy are progressively coupled into the individual element disposed along the line by various means including proximity coupling, direct coupling, probe coupling, or aperture coupling. The series feed constitutes a traveling-wave array if the feed line is terminated in a matched load, or a resonant array if