当代世界经济与政治(英文部分 第二章).pptVIP

In large part because of this practice, and also because banks lacked the culture and practice of risk management, lending and rates did not accurately reflect risk. Financial institutions also were poorly regulated and supervised. Reporting and disclosure were inadequate, and there was no oversight of bad loan portfolios. Challenges for Global Governance Globalization has significantly altered the conditions for achieving cooperation and managing conflict in international economic relations. It has change the nature of the state, the major player in international relations. National sovereignty, national decision making, and national boundaries have not disappeared, and states remain the principal actors in international economic relations. However, states are increasingly open and subject to external influence. Resistance to globalization In America, the labor unions fearing the loss of jobs to foreign competition, environmentalists concerned that globalization will undermine national environmental laws and policies, and isolationists opposed to foreign influence and multilateral decision making. Other critics pointed to the instabilities and inequities of globalization. Some of the regional organizations, especially the European Union and Mercosur, were formed in part to offset U.S. predominance and enhance the role of their member-states in international economic decision making. The linkages between the international economy and traditionally national areas of decision making have led to significant tension between state and international decision making. The challenges is to develop an economic order that reflects both the sovereignty of the state and the need for multilateral management of growing international interaction. Increasing international economic interaction was driven, in part, by technological change. Transportation and communication costs declined dramatically after world war Ⅱ. The combination of new computer and telecommunications technolog