第二编国际贸易的基本理论.ppt

第二编、国际贸易的基本理论 为什么说“贸易可以使每个人状况更好”？ ——从“绝对成本”说与“相对成本”说说起 一、亚当.斯密的“绝对成本”说  1.1. 绝对成本（优势）的主要观点 亚当.斯密在1776年出版的《国富论》一书中提出了绝对优势理论，表述了一个国家应该“出口具有绝对优势的产品、进口具有绝对劣势的产品（分工），然后进行贸易，对双方都有好处”的基本思想。 1.2. 实例 1.2. 实例 1.3. 绝对成本理论的缺陷 （1）贸易条件没有得到解决； （2）无法说明没有绝对优势的情况下，国际贸易产生的原因。 二、大卫.李嘉图的“比较成本”说 2.1.大卫.李嘉图在《政治经济学及赋税原理》一书中阐述了比较优势理论，表述了一个国家应该“出口具有比较优势的产品、进口具有比较劣势的产品（分工），然后进行贸易，对双方都有好处（世界财富因此而增加）”的基本思想。 国际分工后 2.3. 比较优势的界定 Two friends went hunting in the jungle. All of a sudden, a bear jumped out of nowhere and came after them. A: Run!B: No, it is hopeless, we won’t overrun a bear. A: But I do not have to run faster than the bear. I only need to run faster than you!Question: What can you get from the story? A Fable and its Inspiration A fearsome lion fell in love with a farmers daughter, so he went to beg the farmer to marry his daughter to him.??The farmer was in a dilemma because he was afraid to say No to the frightening beast as well as feared his daughter might die. At last, he thought up a trick. “King Lion”, he said, “your great teeth and sharp claws have frightened my daughter so much that if you pull out your teeth and pare down your claws, my daughter can marry you.” The lion gave in, and came back with claws and teeth disappeared. “May I marry your daughter now?” the lion asked. “BEGONE!” Laughed the farmer, and drove the lion away. Q: What can you get from my story? 一般均衡中的贸易获利 1.机会成本与贸易获利 A：1C=2W B：1C=3W 结论：从机会成本中可以看出，A国在生产布匹上有比较优势，B国在生产小麦上有比较优势。机会成本是不同贸易的基础。 问题：为什么比较优势学说又称为比较成本学说？ Revelations 1.You may gain what might be lost on the roundabouts. 2.It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 穆勒和马歇尔的相互需求理论 3.1. 基本观点： 贸易条件取决于两国各自对对方商品的需求强度，该理论确定了贸易参加国交换比例的上下限范围，利用贸易条件说明了贸易利益在两国之间如何分配。 3.2. 贸易条件的图解说明 要素禀赋理论 1. A brief introduction to Heckscher and Ohlin 赫克歇尔：《对外贸易对收入分配的影响The effect of foreign trade on the distribution of income》（提出了要素禀赋理论的基本观点） 俄林：《域际和国际贸易Interregional and international trade》一书师承赫克歇尔创立的要素禀赋理论（获得1977年诺贝尔