fuchapter教案.ppt

Some definitions: N: total number of molecules in a gas. ?N: the number of molecules having speeds between v and v+ ?v. 总分子数 N ?N： v~v+?v the ratio of the number of molecules having speeds between v and v+ ?v to the total number or probability at which the speeds of molecule lies between v and v+ ?v. 总分子数 N ?N： v~v+?v is where is called as distribution function（分布函数） and represents: Obviously, we have N：气体中总分子数； ?N：速度位于v~v+ ?v的分子数； ：速率位于v~v+ ?v的分子占总分子的百分比，也可理解为分子速率位于v~v+ ?v的几率； ：速率位于v附近单位间隔的分子占总分子的百分比，也可理解为分子速率位于v附近单位间隔的几率； 非常重要important!!!! It is called Maxwell distribution function of speed (麦克斯韦速率分布函数). 2. Maxwell Distribution of Speed 麦克斯韦速率分布律（函数） Maxwell found the distribution function , that is Therefore，we have Some discussions: (1)The number of molecules between v1 and v2 is 意义：速率位于[v1,v2]的分子数占总分子数的百分比；或分子速率位于[v1,v2]的几率。 (2) Normalization（归一化）: equals to the area below the curve of . 面积等于1 (3) The characters of the curve: shape and maximum point 最大点 (4) the relation between the curve and the temperature for a given gas (5) the relation between the curve and the mass of molecule for two kinds of gas at the same temperature T. m1 m2 m1m2 (6) The physical meaning of ： 为图中阴影面积，代表速率位于v~v+?v的分子与总分子的百分比 或分子速率位于v~v+?v的几率。 3. Three speeds: They are: the most probable speed (最可几速率） the root-mean-square speed （方均根速率） average speed （平均速率）. is the speed at which the distribution function has maximum value. Using the Maxwell speed distribution, we have: which relates to the probability. 问题：最可几速率 的意义是什么？ Note: The average value of a quantity can be calculated by is defined as the square root of the average of the square of speed. It can be calculated as following: Hence： which relates to the average kinetic energy of molecule. 方均根速率 （平均速率）can be obtained by It relates to the collisions among the molecules, heat transfer （热传导）and diffusion of